How to Reformat a Personal Computer?

How to Reformat a PC

Reformatting a personal computer (PC) refers to a process performed on the hard drive in which you completely wipe the hard drive of all information. In many cases, this takes the hard drive back to the settings and programs that came with the computer from the factory. Since this procedure removes all of your files and any software you have installed after purchase, it should only be done as a last resort, such as when a virus can't be removed or there are severe operating issues with your PC. Reformatting can often alleviate these issues.

1. Start your PC and press key F2, F12 pr delete key (Depends on your PC model)

2. Your PC will boot from CD and Windows installation will start. Press Enter at this screen.

3. Accept License agreement by pressing F8 key

4. Delete the partitions

5. Create the partitions

6. Define the size of partitions

7. Now select your desired partition for installation of Windows XP and press enter

8. Choose to format the partition. Choose NTFS file system quick.

9. Setup will format the partition

10. After formatting, setup will start copying files on to the hard disk

11. After copying of files, setup will start installing Windows

12. Select desired language and regional settings when prompted by setup

13. Enter windows key

14 Type a name for your computer

15. Select time and date settings and time zone according to your country

16. Provide network settings for networking PC's or select typical settings and press enter

17. Setup will install devices and register components

18. After completion setup will do a cleanup of files and will restart your PC automatically. At this stage you can remove CD from drive

How to be a Responsible netizen?

"Think before you click" every responsible netizens should know. Because the internet should be used for research and for communicating / being connected to other people / family members around the world. Nut many are irresponsible who uses the inter for cyber bullying, viewing inappropriate pictures/videos for their age. But how can we really be responsible netizens? to be responsible netizens we should use the internet wisely because one wrong post can change everything. If you don't want that to happen then be responsible use the social media by not sharing fake news, by not using it for cyber bullying. To avoid sharing fake news verify that news because once u shared it, it might ruin our reputation that's why we should use the internet for only communicating/being connected with other people's and using it for researching. These are the ways on how to be responsible netizens.

How to share file and printer in a computer network

Click on Save changes.

How to share file and printer in a computer network

• Click on Start in the bottom left corner of your screen. A popup list will appear.
• Select Control Panel from the popup list. Type the word network in the search box.
• Click on Network and Sharing Center.
• Click on Change advanced shared settings, in the left pane.
• Click on the down arrow, which will expand the network profile.
• Select File and printer sharing and choose Turn on file and printer sharing.
• Click on Save changes.

You're now ready to share your printer.

• Click on Start in the bottom left corner of your screen. A popup list will appear.
• Click on Devices and Printers, from the popup list.
• Right click the printer you want to share. A dropdown list will appear.
• Select Printer properties from the dropdown list.
• Click on the Sharing tab
• Select the Share this printer check box.

In order for other people to connect to the printer, they just have to add the network printer that you just opened for sharing to their computers. Here's how to do this.

• Click on Start in the bottom left corner of your screen. A popup list will appear.
• Click on Devices and Printers from the popup list.
• Select Add a printer.
• Click on Add a network, wireless or Bluetooth printer.
• Click the shared printer.
• Click Next. Continue according to the instructions on the screen 

source:https://computer.howstuffworks.com/share-printer-home-network-windows

What is Network or IP Address

What is an IP Address?

Internet protocol address (IP address)

-is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing.

Internet protocol Versions

IPv4 – Internet Protocol Version 4

-IPv4 addresses are canonically represented in dotted - decimal notation, which consists of four decimal numbers, each ranging from 0 to 255, separated by dots, e.g., 172.16.254.1. Each part represents a group of 8 bits (octet) of the address.

       

IPv6 - Internet Protocol Version 6 

IP Address Classes

With an IPv4 IP address, there are five classes of available IP ranges: Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D and Class E, while only A, B, and C are commonly used. Each class allows for a range of valid IP addresses, shown in the following table.Class D - is for multicastClass E - reserved for future or experimental purposes Class A - 1 to 126Class B - 128 to 191Class C - 192 to 223 Class D - 224 to 239 Class E - 240 to 255127 - loopback function of a network

Creating Ip Address

    1.  Right click My Network Places
     2.  Click Properties  
     3.  Right click Local Area Connection  
     4.  Click Properties
     5.  Click TCP/IP  
     6.Click Properties
     Obtain an IP address automatically                         
     Use the following IP address:  IP Address  Subnet Mask
     7.  Click OK

Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address

What are the types of Cable?

What are the types of cable

                        The types of cable

 A. Twisted Pair.

a cable consisting of two wires twisted around each other, used especially for telephone or computer applications.

a. STP ( Shielded Twisted Pair ) -  Shielded twisted pair (STP) cable was originally designed by IBM for token ring networks that include two individual wires covered with a foil shielding, which prevents electromagnetic interference, thereby transporting data faster.

b. UTP ( Unshielded Twisted Pair ) Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cables are widely used in the computer and telecommunications industry as Ethernet cables and telephone wires. In an UTP cable, conductors which form a single circuit are twisted around each other in order to cancel out electromagnetic interference (EMI) from external sources.

B. Coaxial

 Coaxial cable is a type of copper cable specially built with a metal shield and other components engineered to block signal interference. It is primarily used by cable TV companies to connect their satellite antenna facilities to customer homes and businesses. It is also sometimes used by telephone companies to connect central offices to telephone poles near customers. Some homes and offices use coaxial cable, too, but its widespread use as an Ethernet connectivity medium in enterprises and data centers has been supplanted by the deployment of twisted pair cabling.

C. Fiber Optic

 Fiber optic cable is a high-speed data transmission medium. It contains tiny glass or plastic filaments that carry light beams. Digital data is transmitted through the cable via rapid pulses of light.

 Straight Through Cable

A straight through cable is a type of twisted pair cable that is used in local area networks to connect a computer to a network hub such as a router. This type of cable is also sometimes called a patch cable and is an alternative to wireless connections where one or more computers access a router through a wireless signal. On a straight through cable, the wired pins match. Straight through cable use one wiring standard: both ends use T568A wiring standard or both ends use T568B wiring standard. The following figure shows a straight through cable of which both ends are wired as the T568B standard.

Crossover Cable

An  Ethernet crossover cable is a type of Ethernet cable used to connect computing devices together directly. Unlike straight through cable, crossover cables use two different wiring standards: one end uses the T568A wiring standard, and the other end uses the T568B wiring standard. The internal wiring of Ethernet crossover cables reverses the transmit and receive signals. It is most often used to connect two devices of the same type: e.g. two computers (via network interface controller) or two switches to each other.

 
source: https://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap4/chap4.htm

What are the types of computer network?

What are the types of computer network?

What is a computer network?
A computer network, or data network, is a digital telecommunications network which allows nodes to share resources. In computer networks, computing devices exchange data with each other using connections between nodes.



LAN (local area network)
A local area network is a computer network that interconnects computers within a limited area such as a residence, school, laboratory, university campus or office building.

MAN (metropolitan area network)

A metropolitan area network is a computer network that interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic area or region larger than that covered by even a large local area network but smaller than the area covered by a wide area network.

WAN (wide area network)

A wide area network is a telecommunications network or computer network that extends over a large geographical distance/place. Wide area networks are often established with leased telecommunication circuits.

PAN (personal are network)

A personal area network is a computer network for interconnecting devices centered on an individual person's workspace. A PAN provides data transmission amongst devices such as computers, smartphones, tablets and personal digital assistants. 

source: https://www.belden.com/blog/digital-building/11-types-of-networks-explained-vpn-lan-more

What are the types of network topology?

What are the types of network topology?

Network topology is the arrangement of the elements of a communication network. Network topology is the topological structure of a network and may be depicted physically or logically.






Linear Bus Toplogy

Linear bus topology is a type of network topology in which each device is connected one after the other in a sequential chain (shown right). In this case, the bus is thenetwork connection between the devices, and if any link in the network chain is severed, all network transmission is halted. 















Star Topology 

Star topology is a network topology where each individual piece of a network is attached to a central node (often called a hub or switch). The attachment of these network pieces to the central component is visually represented in a form similar to a star.

Ring Topology

A ring network is a network topology in which each node connects to exactly two other nodes, forming a single continuous pathway for signals through each node - a ring.











Hybrid Topology


Hybrid topology is an integration of two or more different topologies to form a resultant topologywhich has many advantages (as well as disadvantages) of all the constituent basic topologiesrather than having characteristics of one specifictopology.









Mesh Topology

A mesh network is a local network topology in which the infrastructure nodes connect directly, dynamically and non-hierarchically to as many other nodes as possible and cooperate with one another to efficiently route data from/to clients




Source:https://www.studytonight.com/computer-networks/network-topology-types